Description

Protomelas is a genus of haplochromine cichlids native to Lake Malawi in East Africa. These fish belong to the Haplochromine tribe, which is part of the larger family of Cichlidae. Protomelas species are known for their maternal mouthbrooding behavior and exhibit sexual dimorphism, a common characteristic in many cichlids, particularly in the Haplochromine group.

Key Features of Protomelas:

1. Endemic Habitat:
   • Lake Malawi, East Africa: Protomelas species are found only in Lake Malawi, a vast freshwater lake famous for its biodiversity and unique ecosystem.
2. Maternal Mouthbrooding:
   • Like many other cichlids from this region, Protomelas species practice maternal mouthbrooding. After fertilization, the female carries the fertilized eggs in her mouth until they hatch into free-swimming fry. During this incubation period, the female does not eat and focuses entirely on protecting and nurturing the eggs.
3. Sexual Dimorphism:
   • In many Protomelas species, there is a noticeable sexual dimorphism, with males being more brightly colored and larger than the females. The males often display vivid hues, including shades of red, blue, and yellow, to attract females during mating displays, while females tend to have more subdued colors for better camouflage in their environment.
4. Popularity in the Aquarium Hobby:
   • Protomelas species are popular in the aquarium hobby due to their vibrant coloration, relatively peaceful temperament (compared to other cichlids), and interesting behaviors, particularly their breeding habits.
   • They are often sold under various trade names in aquarium shops, with different species being bred for their beautiful colors and hardy nature.
5. Diet and Care:
   • Protomelas species are omnivores, generally feeding on a variety of foods in the wild, including algae, small invertebrates, and detritus. In the aquarium, they thrive on a diet of high-quality cichlid pellets, live foods like brine shrimp, and plant-based foods like spirulina.
6. Tank Requirements:
   • These fish prefer aquariums with rocky structures that provide hiding spots and territories. They typically occupy mid-level areas of the tank but may swim to the surface or bottom depending on the species. A sandy substrate is often recommended to replicate their natural habitat.
   • They require a stable environment with slightly alkaline water (pH 7.8-8.6) and a temperature range of 75-82°F (24-28°C) to thrive.
7. Size:
   • Protomelas species generally grow to a medium or large size, with many species reaching around 6-10 inches (15-25 cm) in length. Males are typically larger and more colorful than females.

Commonly Known Species in the Aquarium Trade:

• Protomelas taeniolatus (often referred to as the “Red Empress” cichlid): Known for its striking coloration with vibrant red and blue hues.
• Protomelas stewartii: Another popular species with striking colors, often sold under different variants like “Albino” or “Blue.”

Breeding and Care:

• Breeding: As maternal mouthbrooders, the female carries the fertilized eggs in her mouth, protecting them until they hatch. After hatching, she will release the fry into the tank, where they will be able to swim and feed. To encourage breeding in the aquarium, maintaining a species-specific tank is ideal, as males can sometimes exhibit aggression toward each other.
• Temperament: Protomelas cichlids are relatively peaceful for cichlids but can display some territorial behavior, especially during the breeding season. They can coexist with other large, peaceful cichlids from Lake Malawi but should not be housed with overly aggressive species.

Conclusion:

Protomelas cichlids are a beautiful and interesting addition to any aquarium, especially for aquarists interested in breeding or studying the behaviors of maternal mouthbrooding and sexual dimorphism in cichlids. With proper care, a well-maintained tank, and a balanced diet, these fish can thrive in home aquariums, offering vibrant colors and engaging behaviors.